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GNU通用公共协议证书

GNU通用公共协议证书

GNU通用公共许可证简称为GPL，是由自由软件基金会发行的用于计算机软件的协议证书，使用该证书的软件被称为自由软件。大多数的GNU程序和超过半数的自由软件使用它。
- GNU通用公共许可证原文
- [http://gnu.freehostingguru.com/gpl/ GPL 非正式中译本(含多种文件类型)]
- [http://info.sayya.org/~edt1023/license/licenses.html 各种FS/OSS的使用许可证(license)的非正式中译本] Category:版权 ja:GNU General Public License ko:GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서 th:GNU General Public License

自由软件基金会

right 自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation，FSF）是一个致力于推广自由软件的美國民间非盈利性组织。它于1985年10月由理查德·斯托曼建立。其主要工作是执行GNU计划，开发更多的免费、自由以及可自由流通软件。 从其建立到1990年代中自由软件基金会的基金主要被用来雇用编程师来发展自由软件。从1990年代中开始写自由软件的公司和个人太多了，因此自由软件基金会的雇员和自愿者主要在自由软件运动的法律和结构问题上工作。

最近工作

;GNU工程 : 自由软件基金会最早的目的在于促进自由软件的开发，但自由软件基金会也有开发GNU操作系统的任务。 ;施行GPL : 自由软件基金会具有施行GNU通用公共许可证和其它GNU许可证的能力和资源，但自由软件基金会只对它拥有版权的软件负责。其它软件必须由它们自己的拥有人来负责，原因是从法律规定上自由软件基金会无法为这些其它软件负责。自由软件基金会每年约接触到50个违反GNU通用公共许可证的事件，自由软件基金会试图不通过法院使对方遵守GNU通用公共许可证。 ;GNU许可证 : GNU通用公共许可证是自由软件工程中最普及的许可证。目前的版本（版本2）是1991年发表的，但自由软件基金会正在进行版本3的工作。自由软件基金会还发布了GNU宽通用公共许可证和GNU自由文档许可证。 ;监督版权 : 自由软件基金会拥有大多数GNU软件和一些非GNU自由软件的版权。每个GNU软件包的贡献者必须签署版权文件，这样自由软件基金会可以在诉讼案中在法庭上维护这些软件。此外这样假如许可证有所变化的话不必征求软件所有的贡献者的同意。 ;自由软件目录 : 自由软件目录是所有自由软件包的一个列表。其中列出的每个软件包含47条信息，比如工程的主页、程序师、编程语言等。目的是提供一个自由软件的搜索引擎和为用户提供一个检查一个软件包是否自由的工具。自由软件基金会为此从联合国教科文组织获得少数基金。计划是将来这个目录可以翻译成不同的语言。 ;维持自由软件的定义 : 自由软件基金会维持多个定义自由软件运动的文献。 ;法律教育 : 自由软件基金会举办关于GNU通用公共许可证的法律问题的研究会，向律师提供咨询服务。 ;工程管理 : 自由软件基金会通过它的GNU草原（GNU Savannah）页面提供工程管理的服务。 ;颁发奖励 : 自由软件基金会每年颁发两部奖励：自由软件进步大奖和社会福利自由软件奖励（Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit）。 社会福利自由软件奖励

结构

成员

2002年11月25日自由软件基金会向个人提供自由软件基金会附属会员的可能性。到2005年3月它拥有3400多位附属会员。2003年3月5日它向商业企业提供公司保护计划，到2004年4月它拥有45位公司保护。

组织

理事会成员


- Geoffery Knauth，SFA公司高级程序员
- 劳伦斯·莱斯格，斯坦福大学法律教授
- 伊本·莫格林，哥伦比亚大学法律和司法历史教授
- 亨利·普乐，CivicActions公司的建立人
- 理查德·斯托曼，自由软件基金会得建立人
- Gerald Sussman，麻省工业学院电脑科学教授 一般在波斯顿总部里有10个雇员工作。

姊妹组织

2001年在德国成立了欧洲自由软件基金会作为自由软件基金会在欧洲的代表人。2003年在喀拉拉邦成立了印度自由软件基金会。2005年据传有打算成立拉丁美洲自由软件基金会的计划。

奖励


- 1999年：林纳斯·托瓦兹奖
- 2005年：电子艺术大奖

参见


- GNU
- 理查德·斯托曼
- 自由软件运动
- 自由软件 category:自由软件 ja:フリーソフトウェア財団 ko:자유 소프트웨어 재단

自由软件

自由软件是由自由軟體基金會所提出的，他是指一件可以让用户自由复制、使用、研究、修改、分发等等，而不附带任何条件的软件。自由软件的主要许可证有GPL许可证和BSD许可证兩種。 以下是自由软件更詳細的規範:
- Freedom 0: 任何人皆有因任何目的執行該軟體的自由。
- Freedom 1: 任何人皆可自由的研究該程式的源代碼並且依照自己的需求加以更改。
- Freedom 2: 任何人皆可自由的再將該軟體散發來幫助自己周遭的人。
- Freedom 3: 任何人皆可自由的改進該程式，並將改變對大眾發表，如此整個社群都將受惠。 如要滿足Freedom 1以及Freedom 3則該軟體必需讓使用者能夠觀看/修改源代碼。也就是說，滿足Freedom 1以及Freedom 3的軟體可被稱為開放源代碼軟件。但是如果是要成為自由軟件則 Freedom 0~3 皆需滿足。

開放源代碼軟件與自由軟件

嚴格地說來，開放源代碼軟件（開源軟件）與自由軟件是兩個不同的概念，只要符合開源軟件定義的軟件就能被稱為開放源代碼軟件。自由軟件是一個比開源軟件更嚴格的概念，因此所有自由軟件都是開放源代碼的，但不是所有的開源軟件都能被稱為「自由」。但在現實上，絕大多數開源軟件也都符合自由軟件的定義。比如，遵守GPL和BSD許可的軟件都是開放的並且是自由的。

參看


- Copyleft
- GNU
- GNU宽通用公共许可证
- Richard Stallman
- GNU/Linux
- 开放源代码

站外链接


- [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.zh.html Linux、GNU 和自由]
- [http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.zh.html GNU计划]
- [http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.zh.html GNU计划概述]
- [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.zh.html GNU专案之哲学] ja:フリーソフトウェア ko:자유 소프트웨어 simple:Free software th:ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี zh-min-nan:Chū-iû nńg-thé

Category:版权

category:维基百科 category:帮助文档 category:知识产权 这个分类页面包括了在维基百科上应当注意的版权问题以及有关版权的条目。

Los rieles del norte

Los Rieleros del Norte ("Railers of the North") is a Mexican norteño band. Founded in the southwestern U.S. town of Pecos, Texas 1979 by Manolo Morales, Los Rieleros del Norte is one of the oldest norteño bands still playing today. Morales called the band "Los Rieleros" because he formerly worked at the railroads of Chihuahua, Mexico. Unlike many other norteño bands, the Rieleros del Norte use both the saxophone and accordion in their music, creating a dual-instrument hybrid distinct from other norteño bands. Currently, the band's leader is Daniel Esquivel. The band's current members are Daniel Esquivel, lead singer and accordionist; Daniel Esquivel Jr., playing the bajo sexto; Javier Esquivel, electric bass; Alfredo Esquivel, drummer; and Eugenio "Pemo" González Jr., saxophone player. In the past, Polo Urías was the band's lead singer, who who has left Los Rieleros to start his own musical group, Polo Urías y su Maquina Norteña. Several years ago, the Rieleros ensemble had two bajo sexto players, one of which was the band's founder, Manolo Morales. bajo sexto Los Rieleros del Norte have recorded many albums across the years. They include Estampida Norteña, Preta Orgullosa, Aventura Pasada, and many other albums which have now become classics in regional Mexican music. Among their many songs, "Te Quiero Mucho." "Amor Prohibido," "No le Digas a Nadie," "En la Puerta de Esa Casa," "Una Aventura," and "Copa Sin Vino" are just some of their many singles which have topped the Mexican music billboards. Sobre los Rieles was released in September 2004, featuring the hit "Tu Nuevo Cariñito". In July 2005, Que el Mundo Ruede was released as the Rieleros' newest album.

See also


- Daniel Esquivel Related artists:
- Ramon Ayala
- Adolfo Urías
- Polo Urías
- Los Diamantes de Ojinaga

External links


- [http://www.fonovisa.com/losrielerosdelnorte.html Los Rieleros del Norte page at Fonovisa Records] (Spanish only)
- [http://music.yahoo.com/ar-255889---Los-Rieleros-Del-Norte Los Rieleros del Norte on Yahoo! music]
- [http://music.yahoo.com/ar-255889-bio--Los-Rieleros-Del-Norte Yahoo! Music biography taken from allmusic.com]
- [http://www.cduniverse.com/sresult.asp?style=music&HT_SEARCH=XARTIST&cart=236690778&HT_SEARCH_INFO=Los+Rieleros+Del+Norte&HT_Search_Name=Los+Rieleros+Del+Norte Rieleros del Norte catalog on CD Universe, with sound samples] Rieleros del Norte, Los Rieleros del Norte, Los

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